Tag Archives: latin

What is “finance”?

Define. Confine. Finite. Finish.

Finance.

The word finance shares its root, the Latin word finis meaning “boundary” or  “end,” with many other terminal words. In fact, the mere mention of the word “finance” to many people causes an abrupt end to conversations. As much as we like to harp on the old maxim that “money isn’t everything,” we often must grapple with the constraints its lack of bountifulness in our lives places on our mind, body, and spirit.

Or, as one of the great poets of our time, Kanye West, once said:

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“Having money isn’t everything, not having it is.”

Etymologists and linguists would have to agree. Limitations are literally in finance’s DNA.

In modern English, finance was first used as a noun in 1739. The noun denotes all the various ways people manage money: as individuals, as businesses, and as institutions. The formal terms for these divisions are personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance.

Finance was first used as a verb in 1866 to describe the method of obtaining other people’s money to pay for items forthwith, creating simultaneously future obligations to repay the sums obtained, plus interest.

As America recovered from its disastrous Civil War, the concept of borrowing now to pay back later became a necessary part of Reconstruction.

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America’s Civil War debt took almost 35 years to get under control, and by the time it was… along came another war.

Reconstruction, in fact the Civil War itself, was financed. The World Wars, and the Keynesian policies of the Great Depression in between them, were financed. In the post-war boom, American citizens began to finance purchases of homes and cars, beginning an exponential trend that would not relent until the Great Recession.

It was quite a century for the newly fashioned verb.

household-sector-1940-2012The Greatest Generation began to finance their lifestyle in the early 1950s. Household debt gradually increased until its first inflection point after the 1981-82 recession. Its second inflection point came during the dot-com bubble, after which household debt doubled in less than a decade.

100 years after the homonymic development of the verb finance, both governments and individuals were free to finance their finances. Anything you could buy could be financed. And finance professionals helped arrange your finances with finance products that you could finance.

A pyramid scheme? Perhaps. Needless to say, the finance industry has experienced nearly uninterrupted growth since the end of World War 2. Today, approximately 8% of the income earned in the United States comes from the finance industry. Eight percent.

finance income shareAs shown in this chart from a 2011 New York Fed report, the US finance industry, in tandem with the advent of the compound noun “portfolio investment,”  has inexorably grown into a trillion-dollar-plus industry.

Hence, although the finance industry should at least be subconsciously aware of the limitations inherent in the very nature of the word that defines their occupation, they still have yet to find its boundary or end.

If you are not a financial intermediary, the Latin root of the word finance hits a little closer to home. Borrowing today to finance today’s finances is a habit of personal finance that can only last for so long. Eventually, the carousel stops spinning for common folk. We are not Too Big To Fail and there is no Fed discount window for us to borrow from. Currently, qualified institutions can borrow at a 0.15% interest rate. Institutions with literally hundreds of billions of dollars in cash sitting on their balance sheet. Zero point fifteen percent!

Unlike corporate finance, the realm of personal finance is largely unchanged from the 15th century, when the French coined the term mortgage by combining the terms for death and pledge. More than 500 years later, the finance industry nearly destroyed us all with their own “death pledge” wizardry. In return, the US government allows these same institutions to borrow at an absurdly low rate. 0.15%!  Meanwhile, most people do not even qualify for a mortgage. But I digress… this invective is a story for another post.

Although financial study lies at the confluence of economics, accounting, and math, the word finance itself intimates a dual perspective on limits. On the one hand, institutions and corporations use finance to stretch those limits to the utmost. On the other, individuals increasingly finance themselves into financial straitjackets that severely limit their personal freedom.

Fin.

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What is a “portfolio”?

We will begin first with what is last. The word “portfolio” derives from the Italian portafoglio. In 1719, this word described a type of briefcase specifically created to carry (porta) loose sheets of paper.

The word folio appears in many Romance languages. Italian. Spanish. French. English. Derived from the Latin term for “leaf,” the Gutenberg Bible and the definitive printing of Shakespeare’s works, known as the First Folio published in 1623, were printed in a “folio” format. These books were important collections of various writings. Eventually, the term folio came to represent more the assemblage of material than the “sheet of paper” it had originally indicated.

Interestingly, it was not until after Black Tuesday and the Great Stock Market Crash of October 29, 1929 that the word in English came to mean “a collection of securities held.” Curiously, the compound noun “portfolio investment” would not enter the lexicon until 1955, a full year after the American stock market, as measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, fully recovered from the Great Depression and finally exceeded its high of 381.17 set on August 26, 1929. This period of 25 years represents the longest business cycle in the modern history of the United States.

DJIA-1900s-linguistics

For the purposes of this website, portfolio means “a complete collection of financial assets.” We use this definition because all too often the word “portfolio” is equated with “account.” However, your “portfolio” does not just encompass the securities you may hold in a retirement or other brokerage account. A portfolio includes all the financial assets you hold: savings and checking accounts, life insurance policies, debt, real estate, employment, business interests, pensions, as well as all brokerage accounts tax-advantaged or otherwise. A portfolio is all-inclusive and is only limited in scope by the person or persons who are invested in it.

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